Why Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park is a protected natural destination located on the island of Hawaiʻi in the United States. Covering more than 354,000 acres, the park is famous for housing two active volcanoes: Kīlauea, known for its frequent eruptive activity, and Mauna Loa, the largest shield volcano on Earth. The park serves as an invaluable site for volcanic research, showcasing dramatic geologic formations alongside native ecosystems that range from sea level to the 13,679-foot summit of Mauna Loa.
The park encompasses remarkably varied environmental zones, spanning lush tropical rain forests to the dry, barren expanse of the Kaʻū Desert. Around half of the park's territory is protected as the Hawaii Volcanoes Wilderness, offering secluded terrain for hiking and camping. Notable geographic features include the summit caldera of Kīlauea, the volcanic crater of Halemaʻumaʻu, and the coastal Pōhue Bay area. The latter preserves vital habitats for endangered wildlife such as Hawaiian hawksbill turtles, Hawaiian monk seals, and native bird species, alongside unique anchialine ponds housing rare red shrimp.
Deeply rooted in Native Hawaiian heritage, the volcanic landscape is considered sacred by the indigenous Kanaka Maoli, who historically associated Kīlauea and Halemaʻumaʻu with the volcano goddess Pele. Cultural sites throughout the park include ancient petroglyphs, traditional trails like the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail, fishing shrines, and historical village remains. Western visitors first explored the volcano in 1823, and tourism took off in the mid-19th century. Initially established as Hawaii National Park on August 1, 1916, it was built up with the help of the 25th Infantry Regiment Buffalo Soldiers, who constructed early infrastructure like the Mauna Loa trail. The park was later renamed in 1961 and earned designations as an International Biosphere Reserve in 1980 and a World Heritage Site in 1987.
Visitors to Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park can explore striking lava fields, volcanic craters, and natural features like the Thurston Lava Tube (Nāhuku). Historical exhibits, including a modern depiction of Pele by artist Arthur Johnsen, highlight native traditions, while interpretive programs preserve cultural practices such as traditional toolmaking, drum building, and hula adornments. Scenic driving routes provide access through the park, including the Hawaii Belt Road, Kahuku Road, and Chain of Craters Road, which winds past historic craters down toward the coast.
While most of the park remains open to the public, volcanic activity occasionally alters access. Explosions and earthquakes in 2018 led to temporary closures and the eventual removal of damaged facilities like the Jaggar Museum. Eruptions continue periodically at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa, often sparking heightened visitor interest. Travelers should note that select trails and road sections may experience temporary closures depending on ground stability and ongoing volcanic conditions.
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